{"id":1540,"date":"2025-07-30T11:15:42","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T08:15:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/?p=1540"},"modified":"2025-07-30T11:15:44","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T08:15:44","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%b9-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%b9-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d8%9f\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content-block-1\">\n<div class=\"blogmaster-pro-container\">\n  <div class=\"content-wrapper-premium-847\">\n    <article id=\"unique-article-container-id-2847\">\n      <h1 class=\"header-elite-designation-923\">\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h1>\n      <p>\n        \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 15 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646). \n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &quot;\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628&quot; \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0627 &quot;\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628&quot; \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c 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class=\"link-dotted-hover-567\" href=\"#section-2\">\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n          <li class=\"nav-item-spacing-234\"><a class=\"link-dotted-hover-567\" href=\"#section-3\">\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n          <li class=\"nav-item-spacing-234\"><a class=\"link-dotted-hover-567\" href=\"#section-4\">\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 Z3<\/a><\/li>\n          <li class=\"nav-item-spacing-234\"><a class=\"link-dotted-hover-567\" href=\"#section-5\">\u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643\u060c 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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628&quot;\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u061f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u061f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061f \n      <\/p>\n      <ul class=\"list-unordered-custom-890\">\n        <li class=\"list-item-spaced-112\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629:<\/strong> \u0622\u0644\u0629 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\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/li>\n        <li class=\"list-item-spaced-112\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <p>\n        \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a - \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631: \n      <\/p>\n      <blockquote class=\"quote-block-premium-445\">\n        \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647.\n        <span class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 \u062f. \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0668<\/span>\n      <\/blockquote>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0650\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 - \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 - \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644.\n      <\/p>\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u061f&quot;\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647. \n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <h2 class=\"subheader-tier2-designation-924\" id=\"section-2\">\n        \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\n      <\/h2>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0646\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 &quot;\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a&quot; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0660\u0660 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u061f \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0644\u062a 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\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n      <div class=\"country-fact-box-855\">\n        <strong>\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 - \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.\n      <\/div>\n      <p>\n        \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0661\u0666\u0664\u0662) - \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 (\u0661\u0668\u0662\u0662)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a (\u0661\u0668\u0663\u0667)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<a href=\"#ref-2\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">2<\/a>. \n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 (\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646). \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d: \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c - \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 - \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0622\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627 - \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629.\n      <\/p>\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629: \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c <em>\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645<\/em> \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u064e\u0647 \u0642\u0637. (\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644&quot; \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629.\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignwide has-parallax is-light\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-1248 size-full has-parallax\" style=\"background-position:50% 50%;background-image:url(https:\/\/doineurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/apple-ii-museum-retro-hardware-history.jpeg)\"><\/div><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#8a7964\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"content-block-2\">\n<div class=\"blogmaster-pro-container\">\n  <div class=\"content-wrapper-premium-847\">\n    <article id=\"unique-article-container-id-2847\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"subheader-tier2-designation-924\" id=\"section-3\">\n        \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\n      <\/h2>\n      <p>\n        \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a\u064e \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0650\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064e\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 &quot;\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629&quot;\u061f \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0647\u0642\u064b\u0627 (\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629. \n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0627\u0644 <strong>\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a (ABC)<\/strong>\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1937 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1942 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629.<a href=\"#ref-3\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">3<\/a>\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <h3 class=\"subheader-tier3-designation-925\" id=\"abc-timeline\">\n        \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a: \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0644\n      <\/h3>\n      <p>\n        \u0633\u0623\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641: \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 ABC \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 ENIAC \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646... <em>\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/em> \u0648 <em>\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/em>\u2014 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ABC \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0647.\n      <\/p>\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f - \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u062a\u064f.\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>\n        <strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639:<\/strong> \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &quot;\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631&quot; \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645:\n      <\/p>\n      <table class=\"data-table-professional-667\">\n        <thead>\n          <tr class=\"table-row-alternating-556\">\n            <th class=\"table-header-cell-223\">\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n            <th class=\"table-header-cell-223\">\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n            <th class=\"table-header-cell-223\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n            <th class=\"table-header-cell-223\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n          <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n        <tbody>\n          <tr class=\"table-row-alternating-556\">\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a (ABC)<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">1942<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629)<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr class=\"table-row-alternating-556\">\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">Z3 (\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633)<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">1941<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr class=\"table-row-alternating-556\">\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">1944<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 (\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr class=\"table-row-alternating-556\">\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">1945<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n            <td class=\"table-data-cell-224\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n        <\/tbody>\n      <\/table>\n\n      <h3 class=\"subheader-tier3-designation-925\" id=\"section-4\">\n        \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633: Z3 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\n      <\/h3>\n      <p>\n        \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a - \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0664\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a.\n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 Z3 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0640 Zuse \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1941\u2014<em>\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/em> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0639\u0645. \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<a href=\"#ref-4\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">4<\/a>\n      <\/p>\n      <blockquote class=\"quote-block-premium-445\">\n        &quot;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 Z3 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.&quot; \n        <span class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 \u062f. \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u060c 1983<\/span>\n      <\/blockquote>\n      <p>\n        \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629: \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 Z3 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 Zuse \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642&quot;\u061f<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/strong> \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 (\u0631\u064f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646) \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0664\u0664 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<a href=\"#ref-5\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">5<\/a>\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>\n        \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0636\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u062a\u064f \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0633 - \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 - \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u061f \u0623\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/apple-ii-museum-retro-hardware-history-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1249\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"content-block-3\">\n<div class=\"blogmaster-pro-container\">\n  <div class=\"content-wrapper-premium-847\">\n    <article id=\"unique-article-container-id-2847\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"subheader-tier2-designation-924\" id=\"section-5\">\n        \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\n      <\/h2>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 - \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629). \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628) \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 - 30 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 18,000 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0629 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 <em>\u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/em> \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#ref-6\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">6<\/a>.\n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647. \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. (\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629). \n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a &quot;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629&quot; - \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 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\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d.\n      <\/p>\n      <blockquote class=\"quote-block-premium-445\">\n        &quot;\u0643\u0627\u0646 ENIAC \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 - \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &quot;ENIAC Six&quot; - \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.&quot;\n        <span class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0661<\/span>\n      <\/blockquote>\n      <p>\n        \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629&quot; \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627).\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 Z3 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 ABC \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 ENIAC \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 Colossus \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631. \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0635\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629.\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"country-fact-box-855\">\n        <strong>\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0666\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633 Z3 (\u0661\u0669\u0664\u0661) \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a.<a href=\"#ref-7\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">7<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <h3 class=\"subheader-tier3-designation-925\">\n        \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u061f\n      <\/h3>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c. \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 &quot;\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628&quot; \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c - \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 - \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0633. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646.<a href=\"#ref-8\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">8<\/a>.\n      <\/p>\n      <blockquote class=\"quote-block-premium-445\">\n        &quot;\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645.&quot;\n        <span class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u062a \u0644\u064a \u0634\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0667<\/span>\n      <\/blockquote>\n      <p>\n        \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 - \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 - \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n      <ul class=\"list-unordered-custom-890\">\n        <li class=\"list-item-spaced-112\"> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u060c 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\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 - \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <p>\n        \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 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\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n      <h3 class=\"subheader-tier3-designation-925\">\n        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\n      <\/h3>\n      <p>\n        \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 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class=\"blogmaster-pro-container\">\n  <div class=\"content-wrapper-premium-847\">\n    <article id=\"unique-article-container-id-2847\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"subheader-tier2-designation-924\" id=\"section-6\">\n        \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631)\n      <\/h2>\n      <p>\n        \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627.\n      <\/p>\n      <p>\n        \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 - \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 &quot;\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061f&quot; \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.\n      <\/p>\n      <div class=\"country-fact-box-855\">\n        <strong>\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f:<\/strong> \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 Z4 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950.<a href=\"#ref-11\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">11<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <h3 class=\"subheader-tier3-designation-925\" id=\"schema-markup\">\n        \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629: \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\n      <\/h3>\n      <p>\n        \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 <strong>&quot;CreativeWork&quot; \u0648&quot;Person&quot; \u0641\u064a schema.org<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b.<a href=\"#ref-12\" class=\"reference-marker-inline-951\">12<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>&quot;\u0639\u0646&quot;<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641&quot; \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0650 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"references-section-container-952\" id=\"references\">\n        <h2 class=\"references-section-header-953\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/h2>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">1<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature01386\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a. \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c &quot;\u0641\u0643 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629&quot;\u060c \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631\u060c 2006<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">2<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/objects-and-stories\/computing\/charles-babbage\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c &quot;\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629&quot;\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\/\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">3<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1287\/ited.2015.0149\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u060c &quot;\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629&quot;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0633\u060c 2015<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">4<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutsches-museum.de\/en\/exhibitions\/computer\/konrad-zuse-z3\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u201c\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648Z3\u201d\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\/\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">5<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bletchleypark.org.uk\/blog\/colossus-factfile\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c &quot;\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642&quot;\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0664<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\/\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">6<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/who-invented-the-computer\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 History.com\u060c &quot;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u061f&quot;\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0662<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">7<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tagesschau.de\/wirtschaft\/unternehmen\/konrad-zuse-z3-101.html\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0633\u0634\u0627\u0648 (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)\u060c &quot;\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a: Erfinder des Computers&quot;\u060c 2016<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">8<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turing.org.uk\/\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\/\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">9<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/turing-machine\/\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c &quot;\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c&quot;\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0663<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">10<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/eniacprogrammers.org\/\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a ENIAC<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">11<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/ethz.ch\/en\/news-and-events\/dethngs\/leaving-legacies\/konrad-zuse-z4.html\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">ETH \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u060c &quot;Konrad Zuse&#039;s Z4 \u0641\u064a ETH Zurich\u060c&quot; 2020<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"reference-item-container-954\">\n          <span class=\"reference-number-badge-955\">12<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" class=\"reference-link-styled-956\" target=\"_blank\">Schema.org\u060c &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631&quot;<\/a>\n          <span class=\"reference-source-type-957\">\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"highlight-container-deluxe-778\">\n        <h3 class=\"accent-header-bold-334\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/h3>\n        <p>\n          \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064e \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0633\u0641 - \u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0633\u0641\u064b\u0627 - \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644\u064f\u0651 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064d - \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 - \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u061f \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/apple-ii-museum-retro-hardware-history-3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1251\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 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[...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":4,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[242,286],"tags":[812,811,813,560],"class_list":["post-1540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","category-united-kingdom","tag-babbagr","tag-charles","tag-computer","tag-uk"],"_genesis_description":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1540"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1546,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions\/1546"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doineurope.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}